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Saturday, April 23, 2016

Word Formation between Cetak and Gol- Corpus Linguistics

Rounded Rectangle: Diah Wahyu Asih
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Report of Analyzing the Relation between Word Formations of cetak and gol in the Sport News

INTRODUCTION
In this report, the writer focuses on the corpus data analysis of sport news text, especially the word formations of verbcetaksuch as mencetak, dicetak, and pencetak. In addition, the writer also analyzes the relation of these words and the noun golin the sentences. In analyzing the data, the writer uses corpus analysis software called AntConcwhich is downloaded from internet. By doing this analysis, hopefully the writer can get the syntactic structure of these words pattern.
Object of the Research
The object of the research is taken from the sport news of online newspaper which the writer gets from our lecturer. The name of the file is PANL-BPPT-SPO-ID-100Kw.txt of the AntConc Corpus folder, and the text of this data is in Bahasa Indonesia.
Method
The type of this research is descriptive qualitative method because it focuses only on several words and it is analyzed deeply by describing it. The software used to process the corpus data is corpus analyzer called AntConc. Mainly this program is used to analyze text to find a certain pattern in language.
To start using this program, we must upload the data that we want to analyze. Since the program only can read text file or txt file, we must first get the data in txt file by using application called Notepad. After we get the data then we can upload it by clicking file on the menu bar then click open file. By getting the data uploaded on this software, we can process it as we wants. There are several main function of this software such as Word List, Concordance, Concordance Plot, and File View.
Purpose of the Research
The purpose of analyzing the data is to get the syntactic structure of the words mencetak, dicetak, pencetak, and its relation with the noun gol. In addition, the writer also wants to know which patterns are optional and which are obligatory of the words.
DISCUSSION
To get the patterns of the sentences, we can use concordance menu located on the menu bar. This menu is used to show the list of the sentences which are contained word that we are searching for. We can search the word we want by entering the word in the searching box which is located on the bottom, then after clicking start the list of the sentence will appear with the word in highlight.
In finding the word variation of cetak, like mencetak‘to score’, dicetak‘is scored’, and pencetak‘striker’, we can enter *cetak* in the searching box. It will show every word that contain cetak and the word variations of it are all in highlight. It will appear as the following picture.
  


  Based on the result, we only find three variations of cetak; those are mencetak, dicetak, and pencetak. To see the frequency of each word, we can enter the word one by one.
Ø Mencetak
For example we can enter mencetak, and see how many times it appears. We can see the number of its appearance in Concordance Hits, and it shows that mencetak appear for 238 times. Then we can see the tendency of each word that usually appears by observing it, and we can find that these words have closeness with the word “gol”. We can find the word “gol” usually appears after the word mencetak or in the other word it appears on the right side of “mencetak”. If we want to see the relation of “mencetak” and “gol”, we can enter “mencetak * gol”. The asterisk is used as replacement of one token, so we can add the asterisk till many times to see some tokens. By inserting the asterisk, we can see what words appeared between “mencetak” and “gol”.
After the list of sentences appears, we can write the result and we will find these patterns:
Mencetak 25 gol                             >Vmencetak             Nnumerik             Ngol
Mencetakkeduagol             >Vmencetak             Nordinal number     Ngol
Mencetakgol-gol                            >Vmencetak             Nplural
Mencetaksatu-satunyagol               >Vmencetak             Adjsatu-satunya      Ngol
Mencetakbegitubanyakgol >Vmencetak             Advbegitu              Adjbanyak            Ngol
Vmencetak       Nnumbers               Ngol
The examples of these patterns are:
Mencetak 25 gol
Mencetak 34 gol
Mencetak 11 gol

The first pattern is the most frequent one because it appears 25 times. The pattern of number has two kinds; they are digital number which appears eight times and alphabetic number which appears for 17 times. The digital number only appears for the number above 10, maybe because it will be long word if it is written in alphabet.This pattern becomes favorable because the pattern of number in Bahasa Indonesia appears before noun, like the word secarikkertas ‘a piece of paper’, sebuahapel ‘an apple’, etc. Its place is like a determiner which modifier noun in English.

Vmencetak         Nordinal number    Ngol
This pattern only appears once in the sentence; it is mencetakkeduagol ‘score the second goal’. The pattern of Indonesian ordinal number is similar with English which is appears before noun.
Vmencetak         Nplural
The plural of gol which emerges after the verb mencetak only appears once in the words mencetakgol-gol‘score goals’. The pattern just like Verb and Object plural in English, in other word Bahasa Indonesia has the same pattern with English about direct object.

Vmencetak         Adjsatu-satunya    Ngol
The structure has the same pattern with English; that is Adjective precedes Noun. The adjective function here is modifying noun, or it is MD (MenerangkanDiterangkan). This adjective pattern is not usual in Bahasa Indonesia because in this language the structure mostly are DM (DiterangkanMenerangkan), such as pesawatterbang ‘plane’, wanitacantik‘beautiful girl’. The difference may be caused by the kind of adjecive, for example the pure adjective like cantik‘pretty’, kaya ‘rich’, muda‘young’, etc. appear after the noun; the formed adjective like terpandai‘smartest’, termurah ‘cheapest’, etc. also appear after the noun; however the reduplication adjective like secantik-cantiknya, setinggi-tingginya,etc. appears before the noun. Therefore, this pattern is not very common, and it only appears twice in the words mencetaksatu-satunyagol ‘score the only goal’.
Vmencetak         Advbegitu              Adjbanyak           Ngol
This pattern is also similar with English structure that there is adverb and adjective that modifier noun.  It appears once which mean this structure is not very common in Bahasa Indonesia although it’s common in English.
Ø Pencetak
To see the tendency of pencetak and gol, we can do the same way as the previous one. In concordance menu, if we enter the word pencetak ‘striker’, it appears 12 times with the pattern NpencetakNgolappears 11 times, and the rest is pencetakangka. Therefore, we can conclude that the nounpencetak is a noun adjunct which need noun object likegol directly. In other words, the compound noun is following the formula of Diterangkan-Menerangkan ‘Noun-Modifier’. In this case, pencetakis the head and gol is the modifier.

Ø Dicetak
The tendency of the structure is the word gol appears before the word dicetak, or it appears on the left side of dicetak. Therefore we can input the formula “gol * dicetak”, but since the asterisk show the number of tokens, we need to input many asterisk between these words. The word dicetak only appears four times as the following patterns:
14 golyangdicetak                                     
goltunggalyangdicetak                                          
gol di babakpertamayangdicetak                          
gol yang menyamakanangkayangdicetak  

If we pay attention on the patterns, we can find the word yang appears before dicetak. So the word yang is a modifier of gol which explain the adjective dicetak, which is why it appears before dicetak.
The words after the noun gol is complement which explains or give further information about the gol, including the word dicetak is actually a modifier. For example in the words goltunggal yang dicetak ‘the single goal which is scored’, basically it is a noun phrase with the noun gol as the head. The pattern uses Indonesian structure which is DM ‘Noun-Adjective’ with long adjective. In English, it’s like pattern of AOSASCOMN, like ‘a lovely little old village’.
CONCLUSION
As purpose which the writer explained, this paper is made to get the ideas which are the obligatory patterns and which are optional patterns of the word formations of cetakand gol. Based on the analysis above, we can conclude that the verb mencetak has obligatory patterns: V (mencetak) + N (gol).  However, people can insert some kinds of words between these tokens which finally it becomes optional patterns. They are V + ordinal number + N, V + cardinal number + N, V + adjective + N, and  V + adverb + adjective +N.
The obligatory pattern of the noun pencetak and noun gol is N (pencetak) + N (gol/ angka). This structure is called compound noun which a noun functioning as modifier of another noun. Since Bahasa Indonesia uses DM structure, the first word is the head of the phrase. There is no sample of optional patterns of pencetakand gol in this data.
In the passive verb dicetak,the main obligatory pattern is N (gol) + Determiner (yang) + passive verb (dicetak). However, we can insert additional words between these words which create optional patterns, such as N + Adjective + Determiner + Passive Verb, N + Determiner + Verb + Noun + Determiner + Passive Verb, or N + Prepositional Phrase + Determiner + Passive Verb. The functions of the inserted words are as the additional information or adjective that modifier the noun head gol.



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