CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Loanwords are words in one language
that have been borrowed from another language. According to Oxford
Bibliographies, when two languages come into
contact, words are borrowed from one language to another. In this case,
Javanese and Indonesian are having contact since there are speakers who acquire
both Javanese and Indonesian affect the non-Javanese speakers. The Javanese
then become Indonesian when Indonesian speakers utter Javanese in their
speaking.
According
to Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI)
the fourth edition, Javanese is on the highest place of the most used loanwords
in Indonesian. It is 1.109 words or about 30,87% of all regional language used
as loanwords in Indonesian. This great amount make Indonesian people adjust the
sound of the loanwords into the Indonesian intuition. Because Indonesian and
Javanese have different phonological system, there are sound changes from the
original Javanese into the Indonesian loanwords from Javanese. For example the
word garing ‘dry’ in Javanese is
spelled [gareŋ] while in Indonesian it’s spelled [gariŋ].
This
change is one of sample of phonological changes occur in Indonesian loanwords
from Javanese. The phonological changes that will be discussed further are
postlexical process focusing on deletion, lenition, fortitions, and insertions.
Postlexical processes are phonological processes which are triggered solely by
phonological structure, and which thus don’t have lexical exceptions or
morphological conditions (Spencer, 2005:200). Spencer divided the postlexical
process into three categories; they are assimilations, syllable-based
processes, and insertion-deletions. As explained before, this paper will
discuss only deletions, insertions, lenitions, and fortition of Indonesian
loanwords from Javanese.
1.2 Research Questions
§
How
are the processes of deletions, lenitions, fortitions, and insertion in
Indonesian loanwords from Javanese?
§
How
are the phonological rules of each process?
1.3 Purpose of the Study
The purposes of this research are to find the
postlexical process of the language and to get the phonological rules of each
process which usually appears. This research is done to get to know the sound changes
of the loanwords from Javanese into Indonesian.
CHAPTER II
Review of Literature
II.1 Previous Study
There are four previous studies that
have been used as references for this paper. The first is Kata Serapan dari Bahasa Belanda pada Bidang Kuliner dalam Bahasa
Indonesia: Analisis Fonologis written by
Mia Kustiyanti (2014). She compared the phonological system of Dutch and
Indonesian then described the phonological changes from Dutch to Indonesian.
The changes she explained is occurred because of spell adjustment in
Indonesian.
The second research entitled Perubahan Fonologis Kata-kata Serapan dari
Bahasa Arab dalam Bahasa Indonesia is written by Syamsyul Hadi, et. al.
(2003). In this research, the writers discussed sound changes of loanwords from
Arabic to Indonesian. They used theory by Crowly; there are lenitions, sound
additions, metathesis, fusion, unpacking, vowel breaking, assimilations,
dissimilations, and abnormal sound change. She explained that the Dutch can’t
be accepted fully Dutch-sound in Indonesian because of different articulations
and spelling simplifications.
The next research used as reference
is Phonological Behavior of Aspirated
Cononants in Urdu written by Adnan Nisar and Zeeshan Baqir. They analyzed
data from Urdu and the phonological theories they used are assimilation,
dissimilation, insertion, deletion and metathesis. The last is Fortition in Persian Phonological System
written by Mahmoud Mobaraki (2013). On his research, he only focused on
fortition process, and analyzed many dialects of Urdu. Fortition process are
applied to find the alternatives and underlying forms, and to find the
positions in which fortition process take place.
Based on the previous studies above,
it can be seen the difference between this research and the previous ones. In
this research, the writer analyzed Indonesian loanwords from Javanese which
hasn’t been analyzed in the previous ones. Moreover, it is only focus on
certain postlexical process; they are deletions, lenitions, fortitions, and
insertions.
II.2 Theory
Phonology is the branch of
linguistics which investigates the ways in which sounds are used systematically
in different languages to form words and utterances (Katamba, 1989:1).
According to Bruce Hayes (2009), phonological data are phonetic and phonological
rules depend on phonetics. Therefore, the basic data of this research are written
in phonetic transcription. In phonology, there are some phonological processes;
one of them is called postlexical process, and this process is still divided
into assimilations, syllable-based processes, and insertion-deletions.
The
third group of postlexical process explained by Spencer becomes the main theory
of this research; they are deletions, lenitions, fortitions, and insertions.
The first subject that will be discussed is deletion. According to Andrew Spencer,
deletions can be divided into two groups. The first one is consonant elisions
and the other is vowel reductions. Mainly this process happen when vowel or
consonant is elided. As example, if the words ‘first three’ [fɘ:stθri:] are uttered very fast in casual speech, the sound
/t/ disappears, so it’s uttered [fɘ:sθri:].
The
next theory is called lenition or also known as weakening. In this process, a
consonant is pronounced with less force or tenseless, and often undergoes other
changes as well (Spencer, 2005: 230). According to Trask (2000:190), lenition
can be any phonological change becomes less consonant-like than previously. In
General English, Irish accent, and Australian English, flapping becomes one of the well-known
lenition process where /t/ is pronounced /ʔ/, such in word ‘cutter’
[cuʔer].
The measure of weakness is generally felt from the
sense, such as fricative is weaker than plosive, voiced is weaker than a
voiceless one, consonant cluster is stronger than single consonant, approximants
are regarded as weaker than obstruent, consonants tend to be weaker between two
vowels, oral sounds are stronger than glottal, and front & back vowel are
stronger than central vowel. The following are scheme for lenitions taken from
Spencer (2005: 62).
plosives > fricatives > approximants >
zero
aspirated >
plain voiceless > voiced.
Fortitions
are condition where a sound is produced more forcefully. This phonological
process is the opposite of lenition or in another word fortition is known as
strengthening. For example is the case of the devoicing obstruent in word final
position, the voiced stops /b d g/ have become unvoiced stops but pronounced in
a relatively ‘lax’ fashion.
The last theory that will be explained is called
insertion or also known as epenthesis. Insertion is the addition of one or more
sounds to a word. The most usual types of insertions are found when a vowel is
used to break up a difficult consonant cluster, in Indonesian for example the
Indonesian expression of modern is moderen.
In this sample, we can see that between the double consonant ‘r’ and ‘m’ is
inserted vowel ‘e’. This insertion is used to make Indonesian people get easier
to utter the loanword.
CHAPTER III
Research Method
III.1 Method of Collecting
Data
The Indonesian loanwords of Javanese
that the writer analyzed are taken from Indonesian and Javanese dictionaries.
The data of Javanese is taken from Javanese dictionaries entitled “Kamus Lengkap Bahasa Jawa” written by Sudarmanto and “Kamus Lengkap Bahasa Jawa” written by Mangunsuwito. In
addition, the writer use Indonesian dictionary entitled “Kamus Besar Bahasa
Indonesia” written by Suharso and Ana Retnoningsih as the source to compare the
data. The writer choose dictionary as the main source of the research because
the dictionaries are the trusted source that can be used.
The method of collecting the data is qualitative method
using interview as the device. It is categorized as qualitative method because the data used is not in number, but
focus on few objects which is analyzed deeply. In collecting the data, first, the writer search
words which have same meaning and similar pronunciation from both languages.
Second, the words are recorded in the textbook. After that, the writer
interviews some people who acquire Javanese as their first language to get the pronunciation
of the words in two languages. In order to get the phonemic transcription, the writer
uses her knowledge to write the transcription of International Phonetic
Alphabet. In presenting
the data, this research uses descriptive qualitative method because the paper
will show the result in descriptive.
III.2 Method of Analyzing Data
The
method used in this research is identity method, because the determinant comes
from outside of the language itself. As mentioned before, the data is phonetic transcription
from both Javanese and Indonesian. Therefore, the identity method used to
analyze the data is phonetic identity method. After getting the data which is phonetic
transcription, the writer classifies the postlexical changes of Javanese to
Indonesian. Then the writer makes the phonological rules based on the
transcription. In making analysis, the
writer use distinctive feature, mostly major class feature to make the rule as
hypothesis.
CHAPTER IV
Example of Analysis Data
Based on the analysis, the writer
gets data of the related topic, i.e. deletions, lenitions, fortitions, and
insertions. Since this paper is research proposal, the writer only has several
sample data that can be used to make hypothesis. The result then will be shown
in the following discussion.
s
Deletions
Deletions which can be divided into consonant elisions
and vowel reductions are expressed in terms of a segment Ø (zero). The following
data show consonant elision process of consonant approximants from Javanese to
Indonesian.
Based on the data above, it can be seen that the phoneme /w/ that is located in front of the word is elided. Therefore, the second phoneme or the vowel /u/ become the first phoneme that appears in Indonesian. The phonological rule that can be made is as the following:
s
Lenitions
There are a lot of parameters that can be used to
measure the weakening process, unfortunately the writer have not found the
phonetic sample about it. However, the writer gets grapheme data to be used as
sample of this process. It is the lenition of two consonants become one
consonant. The writer gets these following samples:
Abdhi [abɗi] »
abdi [abdi]
The weakening here is the elision of consonant /h/, so
the double consonants /dh/ in Javanese becomes single consonant /d/ in
Indonesian. However, the spelling is almost the same, except the first sample.
In the first word above, the implosive alveolar /ɗ/ turn into plosive alveolar
/d/, but the process is not weakening process because both are still in the
same category.
s
Fortitions
Since fortition or strengthening is the opposite of
lenition, we can use the strengthening parameter from the opposite of lenition.
Based on the sample of the data, the writer can find the fortition of vowel. As
explained before, the related parameter that can be used to determine the vowel
fortition is front and back vowel is stronger than central vowel. The following
are the sample words of vowel fortition:
It can be
seen that there are changes from /ə/ into /a/ in middle and front positions. The changes
are included into fortition because of transformation /e/ which is central into
/a/ which is front vowel. Since the changes is unpredictable, the changes may
don’t have strict phonological rule that can be applied. However, from the data
above, it can be drawn the rule:
l ___ s
# ___ n
n ___ m
ŋ ___ t
# ___dʒ
s
Insertions
Insertion
can be vowel or consonant, but the writer only get vowel insertion as the
sample of this process. The vowel sounds are added between two consonants to
make the utterance spelled easier. Here are the vowel insertion samples:
The addition sounds are vowel /ə/ that appears after plosive consonants and before
consonant /r/. The phonological rule can be drawn as the following:
Aside from the samples above, there are many more phonological rules that
can be found in the postlexical process. The
writer here only give sample of the processes as the research proposal. In
conclusion, Indonesian loanwords from Javanese is not borrowed completely, but
there are changes among phonological and grapheme changes among them. Most of
the changes occurs is fortition or strengthening process, and as the opposite
there are less lenition process from Javanese into Indonesian.
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